References Bibliography

References Bibliography


First Authors:

/ A / B / C / D / E / F / G / H / I / J / K / L
/ M / N / O / P / R / S / T / V / W / X / Y / Z



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First Authors A

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Abramopoulos, F., C. Rosenzweig, and B. Choudhury, 1988: Improved ground hydrology calculations for global climate models (GCMs): Soil water movement and evapotranspiration. J. Climate, 1, 921-941.

Alexander, R.C., and R.L. Mobley, 1976: Monthly average sea-surface temperatures and ice-pack limits on a 1 degrees global grid. Mon. Wea. Rev., 104, 143-148.

Alpert, J.C., M. Kanamitsu, P.M. Caplan, J.G. Sela, G.H. White, and E. Kalnay, 1988: Mountain induced gravity wave drag parameterization in the NMC medium-range model. Preprints of the Eighth Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction, American Meteorological Society, Baltimore, MD, 726-733.

Anthes, R.A., 1977: A cumulus parameterization scheme utilizing a one-dimensional model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 270-286.

Arakawa, A., 1969: Parameterization of cumulus convection. In Proceedings of the WMO/IUGG Symposium on Numerical Weather Prediction, Tokyo, 26 November to 4 December, 1968, Japan Meteorological Agency, IV, 8, 1-6.

Arakawa, A., 1972: Design of the UCLA general circulation model. Tech. Report No. 7, Department of Meteorology, University of California, Los Angeles, 116 pp.

Arakawa, A., A. Katayama, and Y. Mintz, 1969: Numerical simulation of the general circulation of the atmosphere. Proceedings of the WMO/IUGG Symposium on Numerical Weather Prediction (Tokyo, 1968), Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, pp. IV-7 to IV-12.

Arakawa, A., and V.R. Lamb, 1977: Computational design of the basic dynamical processes of the UCLA general circulation model. In Methods in Computational Physics, 17, J. Chang (ed.), Academic Press, New York, 173-265.

Arakawa, A., and V.R. Lamb, 1981: A potential enstrophy and energy conserving scheme for the shallow water equations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 18-36.

Arakawa, A., and Y. Mintz, 1974: The UCLA general circulation model. Notes from a Workshop on Atmospheric Modeling, 25 March-4 April 1974, Dept. of Meteorology, University of California at Los Angeles, 404 pp.

Arakawa, A., and W.H. Schubert, 1974: Interaction of a cumulus cloud ensemble with the large scale environment, Part I. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 674-701.

Arakawa, A., and M.J. Suarez, 1983: Vertical differencing of the primitive equations in sigma coordinates. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 34-45.

Arino, O., G. Dedieu, and P.Y. Deschamps, 1991: Accuracy of satellite land surface reflectance determination. J. Appl. Meteor., 30, 960-972.

Asselin, R., 1972: Frequency filter for time integrations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 100, 487-490.


First Authors B

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Bader, D.C., M.C. McCracken, and R.C. Malone, 1992: The Computer Hardware, Advanced Mathematics, and Model Physics (CHAMPP) Program. Proceedings of the Third Symposium on Global Change Studies, American Meteorological Society, Atlanta, GA, 140-142.

Bartman, F.L., 1980: A time variable model of Earth's albedo. NASA Contract Report 159259, NASA Grant MSG 1482, University of Michican, Ann Arbor, MI.

Bath, L.M., J. Rosinski, and Jerry Olson, 1992: User's guide to NCAR CCM2. NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-379+IA, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 156 pp.

Bath, L.M., M.A. Dias, D.L. Williamson, G.S. Williamson, and R.J. Wolski, 1987a: Users' guide to NCAR CCM1. NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-286+IA, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 173 pp.

Bath, L.M., M.A. Dias, D.L. Williamson, G.S. Williamson, and R.J. Wolski, 1987b: Documentation of NCAR CCM1 program modules. NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-287+IA, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 307 pp.

Bauer, H., E. Heise, J. Pfaendtner, and V. Renner, 1985: Development of an economical soil model for climate simulation. In Current Issues in Climate Research (Proceedings of the EC Climatology Programme Symposium, held 2-5 Oct. 1984, in Sophia Antipolis, France), A. Ghazi and R. Fantechi (eds.), D. Reidel, Dordrecht, 219-226.

Baumgartner, A., H. Mayer and W. Metz, 1977: Weltweite Verteilung des Rauhigkeitsparameters z0 mit Anwendung auf die Energiedissipation an der Erdoberfläsche. Meteorolog. Rdsch., 30, 43-48.

Bear, J., 1972: Dynamics of Fluids in Porous Media. Dover Publications, New York, 764 pp.

Bear, J., and A. Velmijt, 1987: Modeling Groundwater Flow and Pollution. D. Reidel Publishing Company, 414 pp.

Beland, M., and C. Beaudoin, 1985: A global spectral model with a finite element formulation for the vertical discretization: adiabatic formulation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 1910-1919.

Bell, R.S., and A. Dickinson, 1987: The Meteorological Office operational numerical weather prediction system. Met. Office Sci. Paper No. 41, United Kingdom Meteorological Office, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 2SZ, UK.

Benoit, R., J. Cote, and J. Mailhot, 1989: Inclusion of a TKE boundary layer parameterization in the Canadian regional finite-element model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1726-1750.

Betts, A.K., 1983: Thermodynamics of mixed stratocumulus layers: Saturation point budgets. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 2655-2670.

Betts, A.K., 1986: A new convective adjustment scheme. Part I: Observational and theoretical basis. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 112, 677-691.

Betts, A.K., and Harshvardhan, 1987: Thermodynamic constraint on the cloud liquid water feedback in climate models. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 8483-8485.

Betts, A.K., and M.J. Miller, 1993: The Betts-Miller Scheme. In The Representation of Cumulus Convection in Numerical Models, K.A. Emanuel and D.J. Raymond (eds.), Meteorological Monographs, Vol. 24, No. 46, American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, pp. 107-121.

Bhumralkar, C.M., 1975: Numerical experiments on the computation of ground surface temperature in an atmospheric general circulation model. J. Appl. Meteor., 14, 1246-1258.

Blackadar, A.K., 1962: The vertical distribution of wind and turbulent exchange in a neutral atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 67, 3095-3102.

Blondin, C., 1989: Research on land surface parameterisation schemes at ECMWF. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Parameterisation of Fluxes over Land Surface, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, England.

Blondin, C., and H. Böttger, 1987: The surface and subsurface parameterization scheme in the ECMWF forecasting system: Revision and operational assessment of weather elements. ECMWF Tech. Memo. No. 135, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, England.

Boer, G.J., N.A. McFarlane, and R. Laprise, 1984b: The climatology of the Canadian Climate Centre general circulation model as obtained from a five-year simulation. Atmos.-Ocean, 22, 430-473.

Boer, G.J., N.A. McFarlane, and M. Lazare, 1992: Greenhouse gas-induced climate change simulated with the CCC second-generation general circulation model. J. Climate, 5, 1045-1077.

Boer, G.J., N.A. McFarlane, R. Laprise, J.D. Henderson, and J.-P Blanchet, 1984a: The Canadian Climate Centre spectral atmospheric general circulation model. Atmos.-Ocean, 22, 397-429.

Borisenkov, Ye.P., and M.A. Kuznetsov, 1978: Parameterization of the interaction between the atmosphere and the ocean under stormy weather conditions as applied to models of general atmospheric circulation. Izvestiya Atm. and Ocean. Phys., 14, 362-368.

Bott, A., 1989a: A positive definite advection scheme obtained by nonlinear renormalization of the advective fluxes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117,1006-1015.

Bott, A., 1989b: Reply in "Notes and Correspondence",Mon. Wea. Rev., 117,2633-2636.

Bougeault, P., 1985: A simple parameterization of the large-scale effects of cumulus convection. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 2108-2121.

Bourke, W.P., 1974: A multi-level spectral model, 1: Formulation and hemispheric integrations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 102, 687-701.

Bourke, W.P., 1988: Spectral methods in climate models. In Physically-Based Modelling and Simulation of Climate and Climatic Change, Part 1. M.E. Schlesinger (ed.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 375-431.

Bourke, W.P., B. McAvaney, K. Puri, and R. Thurling, 1977: Global modelling of atmospheric flow by spectral methods. In Methods in Computational Physics, 17, J. Chang (ed.), Academic Press, New York, 267-324.

Boville, B.A., 1984: The influence of the polar night jet on the tropospheric circulation in a GCM. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 1132-1142.

Bowman, K.P., 1988: Global trends in total ozone. Science, 239, 48-50.

Bowman, K.P., and A.J. Krueger, 1985: A global climatology of total ozone from the Nimbus 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 7967-7976.

Brankovic, C., and J. Van Maanen, 1985: The ECMWF climate system. ECMWF Tech. Memo. No. 109, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, England, 51 pp.

Briegleb, B.P., 1992: Delta-Edington approximation for solar radiation in the NCAR community climate model. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 7603-7612,

Briegleb, B.P., and V. Ramanathan, 1982: Spectral and diurnal variation in clear-sky planetary albedo. J. Appl. Meteor., 21, 1160-1171.

Briegleb, B.P., P. Minnis, V. Ramanathan, and E. Harrison, 1986: Comparison of regional clear-sky albedos inferred from satellite observations and model computations. J. Clim. Appl. Meteor., 25, 214-226.

Brinkop, S., 1992: Parameterisierung von Grenzschichtwolken für Zirkulationsmodelle. Berichte aus dem Zentrum für Meeres- und Klimaforschung. Reihe A, Meteorologie, No. 2, Meteorologisches Institut der Universität Hamburg, 77 pp.

Brinkop, S., and E. Roeckner, 1995: Sensitivity of a general circulation model to parameterizations of cloud-turbulence interactions in the atmospheric boundary layer. Tellus, 47A, 197-220.

Broccoli, A.J., and S. Manabe, 1992: The effects of orography on midlatitude northern hemisphere dry climates. J. Climate, 5, 1181-1201.

Brown, J A. 1974: On vertical differencing in the sigma system. NMC office note 92, National Meteorological Center, Washington, D.C., 13pp.

Brugge, R., 1993: The UGAMP AMIP SST datasets. UGAMP Tech. Report No. 30, UK Universities' Global Atmospheric Modelling Programme, University of Reading, Reading RG6 2AU, England, 26 pp.

Buckley, E., and D.A. Warrilow, 1988: Derivation of land surface parameter datasets for use in the Met O 20 GCM. Met. O 20 Internal Note No. 81, United Kingdom Meteorological Office, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 2SZ, UK.

Budyko, M.I., 1956: Heat Balance of the Earth's Surface. Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 255 pp.

Budyko, M.I., 1974: Climate and Life. Academic Press, New York, 525 pp.

Bunker, A.F., 1976: Computation of surface energy flux and annual air-sea interaction cycles of the North Atlantic ocean. Mon. Wea. Rev., 104, 1122-1140.

Burch, D.E., D. Gryvnak, and D. Williams, 1961: Infrared absorption by carbon dioxide. Contract AF19(604)-2633, AFCRL-255, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.

Burridge, D.M., and J. Haseler, 1977: A model for medium-range weather forecasting: adiabatic formulation. Tech. Report No. 4, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Bracknell, Berkshire, UK.

Businger, J.A., J.C. Wyngaard, I. Izumi, E.F. Bradley, 1971: Flux profile relationships in the atmospheric surface layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 181-189.

Butel, 1991: Manuel de référence du M.C.G.A., Versions M205/NMS206, LMD Note 155 version 1.0, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Paris, France, 32 pp.


First Authors C

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Cariolle, D., and M. Déqué, 1986: Southern hemisphere medium-scale waves and total ozone disturbances in a spectral general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 10825-10846.

Cariolle, D., A. Lasserre-Bigorry, J.-F. Royer, and J.-F. Geleyn, 1990: A general circulation model simulation of the springtime Antarctic ozone decrease and its impact on mid-latitudes. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 1883-1898.

Cess, R.D., 1985: Nuclear war: Illustrative effects of atmospheric smoke and dust upon solar radiation. Clim. Change, 7, 237-251.

Cess, R.D., and G.L. Potter, 1987: Exploratory studies of cloud radiation forcing with a general circulation model. Tellus, 39A, 460-473.

Cess, R.D., G.L. Potter, S.J. Ghan, and W.L. Gates, 1985: The climatic effects of large injections of atmospheric smoke and dust: A study of climate feedback mechanisms with one-and three-dimensional climate models. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 12937-12950.

Chalita, S., and H. Le Treut, 1994: The albedo of temperate and boreal forest and the Northern Hemisphere climate: A sensitivity experiment using the LMD GCM. Clim. Dynam., 10, 231-240.

Charnock, H., 1955: Wind stress on a water surface. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 81, 639-640.

>Chen, C.-T., and E. Roeckner, 1996: Validation of the Earth radiation budget as simulated by the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology general circulation model ECHAM4 using satellite observations of the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 4269-4287.

Chen, C.-T., E. Roeckner, and B. Soden, 1996: A comparison of satellite observations and model simulations of column integrated moisture and upper tropospheric humidities. J. Climate, 9, 1561-1585.

Chervin, R.M., 1986: Interannual variability and seasonal climate predictability. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 233-251.

Chou, M.-D., 1984: Broadband water vapor transmission functions for atmospheric IR flux computation. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 1775-1778.

Chou, M.D., and L. Peng, 1983: A parameterization of the absorption in the 15 micron CO2 spectral region with application to climate sensitivity studies. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 2183-2192.

Chouinard, C., M. Beland, and N. McFarlane, 1986: A simple gravity wave drag parameterization for use in medium-range forecast models. Atmos.-Ocean, 24, 91-110.

Clapp, R.B., and G.M. Hornberger, 1978: Empirical equations for some soil hydraulic properties. Water Resourc. Res., 14, 601-604.

Clark, T.L., and W.R Peltier, 1984: Critical level reflection and the resonant growth of nonlinear mountain waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 3122-3134.

Clarke, R.H., 1970: Observational studies in the atmospheric boundary layer. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 96, 91-114.

Clary, O., 1987: A parameterization of gravity wave drag from linear theory, ENM Internal Report, 77 pp. [Available in French from the Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, Toulouse, France.]

>Claussen, M., U. Lohmann, E. Roeckner, and U. Schulzweida, 1994: A global data set of land-surface parameters. Max Planck Institut für Meteorologie, Report No. 135, Hamburg, Germany, 23 pp.

CLIMAP, 1981: Seasonal reconstruction of the earth surface at the last glacial maximum. Geological Society of America Map Chart Series MC-36.

Clough, S.A., F.X. Kneizys, R. Davies, R. Gemache, and R. Tipping, 1980: Theoretical line shape for H2O vapor: Application to continuum. In Atmospheric Water Vapor, T.D. Wilkerson and L.H. Ruhnke (eds.), Academic Press, New York, 695 pp.

Coakley, J.A. and P. Chylek, 1975: The two-stream approximation in radiative transfer: Including the angle of the incident radiation. J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 409-418.

Coakley, J.A., R.D. Cess, and F.B. Yurevich, 1983: The effect of tropospheric aerosols on the Earth's radiation budget: A parameterization for climate models. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 116-138.

Cogley, J.G., A.J. Pitman, and A. Henderson-Sellers, 1990: A land surface scheme for large scale climate models. Trent University Technical Note 90_1, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, K9J7B8, Canada.

Coiffier, J., Y. Ernie, J.-F. Geleyn, J. Clochard, and F. Dupont, 1987: The operational hemispheric model at the French Meteorological Service. Short- and Medium-Range Numerical Weather Prediction (Special Volume of J. Meteor. Soc. Japan), T. Matsuno (ed.), 337-345.

Colman, R.A., and B.J. McAvaney, 1991: Experiments using the BMRC general circulation model with a heat balance ocean. BMRC Research Report No. 24, Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre, Melbourne, Australia, 31 pp.

Colman, R.A., and B.J. McAvaney, 1992: Modelling of polar regions for climate change experiments. In Modelling Weather and Climate: The Third BMRC Modelling Workshop, November 1991. BMRC Research Report No. 33, Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre, Melbourne, Australia, 390-406.

Colman, R.A., and B.J. McAvaney, 1995: Sensitivity of the climate response of an atmospheric general circulation model to changes in convective parameterization and horizontal resolution. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 3155-3172.

Corby, C.A., A. Gilchrist, and P.R. Rowntree, 1976: The U.K. Meteorological Office 5-level general circulation model. In Methods in Computational Physics, 17, J. Chang (ed.), Academic Press, New York.

Coulson, K.L., 1959: Radiative flux from the top of a Rayleigh atmosphere. Ph.D. Dissertation, Dept. of Meteorology, University of California, Los Angeles, 176 pp.

Courtier, P., and J.-F. Geleyn, 1988: A global numerical weather prediction model with variable resolution: Application to the shallow-water equations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 114, 1321-1346.

Cox, C., and W. Munk, 1956: Slopes of the sea surface deduced from photographs of the sun glitter. Bull. Scripps Inst. Oceanog., 6, 401-488.

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Cressman, G.P., 1960: Improved terrain effects in barotropic forecasts. Mon. Wea. Rev., 88, 327-342.

Cullen, M.J.P., 1991: Positive definite advection scheme. Unified Model Documentation Paper No. 11, United Kingdom Meteorological Office, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 2SZ, UK.

Cullen, M.J.P., 1993: The Unified Forecast/Climate Model. Meteor. Mag., 122, 81-94.

Cullen, M.J.P., T. Davies, and M.H. Mawson, 1991: Conservative finite difference schemes for a Unified Forecast/Climate Model. Unified Model Documentation Paper No. 10, United Kingdom Meteorological Office, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 2SZ, UK.

Cunnold, D., W.P. Chu, R.A. Barnes, M.P. McCormick, and R.E. Veiga, 1989: Validation of SAGE II ozone measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 8447-8460.

Curry, J.A., and G.F. Herman, 1985: Relationships between large-scale heat and moisture budgets and the occurrence of Arctic stratus clouds. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 1441-1457.


First Authors D

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Davies, R., 1982: Documentation of the solar radiation parameterization in the GLAS climate model. NASA Tech. Memo. 83961, 57 pp. [Available from U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161.]

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Deardorff, J.W., 1977: A parameterization of ground-surface moisture content for use in atmospheric prediction models. J. Appl. Meteor., 16, 1182-1185.

Deardorff, J.W., 1978: Efficient prediction of ground surface temperature and moisture, with inclusion of a layer of vegetation. J. Geophys. Res., 83, 1889-1903.

Del Genio, A.D., and M.S. Yao, 1988: Sensitivity of a global climate model to the specification of convective updraft and downdraft mass fluxes. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 2641-2668.

Del Genio, A.D., M.-S. Yao, and C.E. Wendell, 1993: GCM feedback sensitivity to interactive cloud water budget parameterizations. Preprints of the Fourth Symposium on Global Change Studies, American Meteorological Society, Anaheim, CA, 176-181.

Delsol, F., K. Miyakoda, and R.H. Clarke, 1971: Parameterized processes in the surface boundary layer of an atmospheric circulation model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 97, 181-208..

Deque, M., and J.Ph. Piedelievre, 1995: High resolution climate simulation over Europe. Climate Dyn., 11, 321-339.

Deque, M., C. Dreveton, A. Braun, and D. Cariolle, 1994: The ARPEGE/IFS atmosphere model: A contribution to the French community climate modelling. Climate Dyn., 10, 249-266.

Desborough, C.E., 1996: The impact of root-weighting on the response of transpiration to moisture stress in land surface schemes. J. Climate (accepted).

Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum (DKRZ) Modellbetreuungsgruppe, 1992: The ECHAM3 atmospheric general circulation model. DKRZ Tech. Report No. 6, ISSN 0940-9237, Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum, Hamburg, Germany, 184 pp.

Dewey, K.F., 1987: Satellite-derived maps of snow cover frequency for the Northern Hemisphere. J. Clim. Appl. Meteor., 26, 1210-1229.

Dickinson, R.E., A. Henderson-Sellers, and P.J. Kennedy, 1993: Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) Version 1e as coupled to the NCAR Community Climate Model. NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-383+STR, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 72 pp.

Dickinson, R.E., A. Henderson-Sellers, P.J. Kennedy, and M.F. Wilson, 1986: Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) for the NCAR Community Climate Model. NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-275+STR, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 69 pp.

Dolman, A.J., and D. Gregory, 1992: The parameterization of rainfall interception in GCMs. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.,118, 455-467.

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Dopplick, T.G., 1974: Radiative heating in the atmosphere. In The General Circulation of the Tropical Atmosphere and Interactions with Extratropical Latitudes, Vol. 2. R.E. Newell, J.W. Kidson, D.G. Vincent, and G.J. Boer (eds.), M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, MA, 1-25.

Dorman, J.L., and P.J. Sellers, 1989: A global climatology of albedo, roughness length and stomatal resistance for atmospheric general circulation models as represented by the Simple Biosphere model (SiB). J. Appl. Meteor., 28, 833-855.

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Dümenil, L., and E. Todini, 1992: A rainfall-runoff scheme for use in the Hamburg climate model. In Advances in Theoretical Hydrology: A Tribute to James Dooge, J.P. O'Kane (ed.), European Geophysical Society Series on Hydrological Sciences, Vol. 1, Elsevier Press, Amsterdam, 129-157.

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Dütsch, H.U., 1978: Vertical ozone distribution on a global scale. Pure Appl. Geophys., 116, 511-529.


First Authors E

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Eagleson, P.S., 1978: Climate, soil and vegetation. Water Resources Res., 14, 705-776.

Eagleson, P.S., N.M. Fennessey, Q. Wang, and I. Rodrigez-Iturbe, 1987: Application of spatial Poisson models to air mass thunderstorm rainfall. J. Geophys. Res., 92(D8), 9661-9678.

ECMWF Research Department, 1988: ECMWF forecast model, adiabatic part (2nd edition). European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, England.

ECMWF Research Department, 1991: ECMWF forecast model, physical parameterisation (3rd edition). European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, England.

ECMWF Technical Attachment, 1993: The description of the ECMWF/WCRP Level III-A global atmospheric data archive. European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, England.

Eickerling, H., 1989: Parameterisierung des infraroten Strahlungstransports fuer Kohlendioxid, Wasserdampf und Ozon in einem breitbandigen Strahlungstransportmodell, Diplomarbeit, Institut für Meteorologie und Geophysik, Universität Köln, Germany.

Eliassen, A., and E. Palm, 1961: On the transfer of energy in stationary mountain waves. Geofys. Publ., 22, 1-23.

Elsasser, W.M., 1960: Atmospheric radiation tables. In Meteorological Monographs, 4, American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, 43 pp.


First Authors F

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Feigelson, E.M., 1984: Radiation in a Cloudy Atmosphere. Atmospheric Sciences Library, D. Reidel, Dordrecht, 293 pp.

Fels, S.B., 1985: Radiative-dynamical interactions in the middle atmosphere. In Issues in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modeling, S. Manabe (ed.), Adv. Geophys., 28A, Academic Press, New York, 277-300.

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Fels, S.B., and M.D. Schwarzkopf, 1981: An efficient, accurate algorithm for calculating CO2 15-micron band cooling rates. J. Geophys. Res., 86(C2), 1205-1232.

Fels, S.B., J.T. Kiehl, A.A. Lacis, and M.D. Schwarzkopf, 1991: Infrared cooling rate calculations in operational general circulation models: Comparison with benchmark computations. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 9105-9120.

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FNOC, 1986: Fleet Numerical Oceanographic Center's Numerical Environmental Products Manual, Vols. I and II. Fleet Numerical Oceanographic Center, Monterey, CA, 214 pp.

Forderhase, K., W.M. Washington, R.M. Chervin, V. Ramanathan, D.L. Williamson, and D.J. Knight, 1980: Lower boundary conditions for the NCAR global circulation model: Ocean surface temperatures, sea ice, snow cover, continental surface albedos and surface emissivity, subsurface continental temperatures and mountain heights. NCAR Tech. Note, NCAR/TN-157+STR, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 58 pp.

Fouquart, Y., 1988: Radiative transfer in climate modeling. In Physically-Based Modelling and Simulation of Climate and Climate Change, Part 1. M.E. Schlesinger (ed.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 223-283.

Fouquart, Y., and B. Bonnel, 1980: Computation of solar heating of the Earth's atmosphere: A new parameterization. Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 53, 35-62.

Fowler, L.D., D.A. Randall, and S.A. Rutledge, 1996: Liquid and ice cloud microphysics in the CSU general circulation model. Part 1: Model description and simulated microphysical processes. J. Climate, 9, 489-529.

Fowler, L.D., and D.A. Randall, 1996a: Liquid and ice cloud microphysics in the CSU general circulation model. Part 2: Simulation of the Earth's radiation budget. J. Climate, 9, 530-560.

Fowler, L.D., and D.A. Randall, 1996b: Liquid and ice cloud microphysics in the CSU general circulation model. Part 3: Sensitivity tests. J. Climate, 9, 561-586.

Fox-Rabinovitz, M., H.M. Helfand, A. Hou, L.L. Takacs, and A. Molod, 1991: Numerical experiments on forecasting climate simulation and data assimilation with the new 17 layer GLA GCM. Proceedings of the Ninth Numerical Weather Prediction Conference, American Meteorological Society, Denver, CO, 506-509.


First Authors G

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Hack, J.J., 1994: Parameterization of moist convection in the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM2). J. Geophys. Res 99, 5551-5568.

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First Authors V

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First Authors W

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First Authors X

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Xu, K.M., and S.K. Krueger 1991: Evaluation of cloudiness parameterizations using a cumulus ensemble model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 342-367.

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First Authors Y

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Yagai, I., and T. Tokioka, 1987: The effect of increased surface drag coefficient over the continents on January circulations. Short- and Medium-Range Numerical Weather Prediction (Special Volume of J. Meteor. Soc. Japan), T. Matsuno (ed.), 409-419.

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First Authors Z

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Zdunkowski, W.G., R.M. Welch, G. J. Korb, 1980: An investigation of the structure of typical two-stream methods for the calculation of solar fluxes and heating rates in clouds. Beitr. Phys. Atm., 53, 147-166.

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Zobler, L., 1986: A world soil file for global climate modeling, NASA Technical Memorandum 87802, Washington, D.C., 32 pp.


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