UKMO footnotes

United Kingdom Meteorological Office (UKMO)


[1]Cullen, M.J.P., 1993: The Unified Forecast/Climate Model. Meteor. Mag., 122, 81-94.

[2]Slingo, A. (ed.), 1985: Handbook of the Meteorological Office 11-layer atmospheric general circulation model. Vol. 1: Model description. DCTN 29, United Kingdom Meteorological Office, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 2SZ, UK.

[3]Cullen, M.J.P., 1991: Positive definite advection scheme. Unified Model Documentation Paper No. 11, United Kingdom Meteorological Office, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 2SZ, UK.

[4]Cullen, M.J.P., T. Davies, and M.H. Mawson, 1991: Conservative finite difference schemes for a Unified Forecast/Climate Model. Unified Model Documentation Paper No. 10, United Kingdom Meteorological Office, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 2SZ, UK.

[5]Ingram, W.J., 1993: Radiation, version 1. Unified Model Documentation Paper No. 23, United Kingdom Meteorological Office, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 2SZ, UK.

[6]Gregory, D., 1990: Convection scheme. Unified Model Documentation Paper No. 27, United Kingdom Meteorological Office, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 2SZ, UK.

[7]Gregory, D., and R.N.B. Smith, 1990: Canopy, surface, and soil hydrology. Unified Model Documentation Paper No. 25, United Kingdom Meteorological Office, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 2SZ, UK.

[8]Smith, R.N.B., 1993: Experience and developments with the layer cloud and boundary layer mixing schemes in the UK Meteorological Office Unified Model. In Proceedings of the ECMWF/GCSS Workshop on Parameterisation of the Cloud-Topped Boundary Layer, 8-11 June 1993, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, England.

[9]Smith, R.N.B., and D. Gregory, 1990: Large-scale precipitation. Unified Model Documentation Paper No. 26, United Kingdom Meteorological Office, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 2SZ, UK.

[10]Wilson, C.A., 1989: Vertical diffusion. Unified Model Documentation Paper No. 21, United Kingdom Meteorological Office, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 2SZ, UK.

[11]Wilson, C.A., and R. Swinbank, 1989: Gravity wave drag. Unified Model Documentation Paper No. 22, United Kingdom Meteorological Office, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 2SZ, UK.

[12]Arakawa, A., and V.R. Lamb, 1977: Computational design of the basic dynamical processes of the UCLA general circulation model. In Methods in Computational Physics, 17, J. Chang (ed.), Academic Press, New York, 173-265.

[13]Bell, R.S., and A. Dickinson, 1987: The Meteorological Office operational numerical weather prediction system. Met. Office Sci. Paper No. 41, United Kingdom Meteorological Office, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 2SZ, UK.

[14]Simmons, A.J., and R. Strüfing, 1981: An energy and angular-momentum conserving finite difference scheme, hybrid coordinates and medium-range weather prediction. ECMWF Tech. Report No. 28, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, England, 68 pp.

[15]White, A.A., and R.A. Bromley, 1988: A new set of dynamical equations for use in numerical weather prediction and global climate models. Met. Off. 13 Branch Memo., United Kingdom Meteorological Office, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 2SZ, UK.

[16]Smith, R.N.B., 1990b: Subsurface, surface, and boundary layer processes. Unified Model Documentation Paper No. 24, United Kingdom Meteorological Office, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 2SZ, UK.

[17]Palmer, T.N., G.J. Shutts, R. Swinbank, 1986: Alleviation of a systematic westerly bias in general circulation and numerical weather prediction models through an orographic gravity wave drag parameterization. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 112, 1001-1039.

[18]Keating, G.M., D.F. Young, and M.C. Pitts, 1987: Ozone reference models for CIRA. Adv. Space Res., 7, 105-115.

[19]McPeters, R.D., D.F. Heath, and P.K. Bhartia, 1984: Averaged ozone profiles for 1979 from the NIMBUS 7 SBUV instrument. J. Geophys. Res., 89, 5199-5214.

[20]Slingo, A., 1989: A GCM parameterization for the shortwave radiative properties of water clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1419-1427.

[21]Slingo, A., and R.C. Wilderspin, 1986: Development of a revised longwave radiation scheme for an atmospheric general circulation model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 112, 371-386.

[22]Roberts, R.E., J.A. Selby, and L.M. Biberman, 1976: Infrared continuum absorption by atmospheric water vapor in the 8-12 micron window. Appl. Optics, 15, 2085-2090.

[23]Geleyn, J.-F., and A. Hollingsworth, 1979: An economical analytical method for the computation of the interaction between scattering and line absorption of radiation. Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 52, 1-16.

[24]Zdunkowski, W.G., R.M. Welch, G. Korb, 1980: An investigation of the structure of typical two-stream methods for the calculation of solar fluxes and heating rates in clouds. Beitr. Phys. Atm., 53, 147-166.

[25]Yanai, M., S. Esbensen, and J.-H., Chu, 1973: Determination of bulk properties of tropical cloud clusters from large-scale heat and moisture budgets. J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 611-627.

[26]Gregory, D., and P.R.R. Rowntree, 1990: A mass flux convection scheme with representation of cloud ensemble characteristics and stability dependent closure. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 1483-1506.

[27]Smith, R.N.B., 1990a: A scheme for predicting layer clouds and their water content in a general circulation model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 116, 435-460.

[28]Sundqvist, H., 1978: A parameterization scheme for non-convective condensation including prediction of cloud water content. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 104, 677-690.

[29]Sundqvist, H., 1981: Prediction of stratiform clouds: Results from a 5-day forecast with a global model. Tellus, 33, 242-253.

[30]Golding, B.W., 1986: Short range forecasting over the United Kingdom using a mesoscale forecasting system. Short- and Medium-Range Numerical Weather Prediction (Special Volume of J. Meteor. Soc. Japan), T. Matsuno (ed.), 563-572.

[31]Heymsfield, A.J., 1977: Precipitation development in stratiform ice clouds: A microphysical and dynamical study. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 367-381.

[32]Kessler, E., 1969: On the distribution and continuity of water substance in atmospheric circulation. Meteorological Monographs, 10, American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA.

[33]Lin, Y.-L., R.D. Farley, and H.D. Orville, 1983: Bulk parameterization of the snowfield in a cloud model. J. Clim. Appl. Meteor., 22, 1065-1092.

[34]Dolman, A.J., and D. Gregory, 1992: The parameterization of rainfall interception in GCMs. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.,118, 455-467.

[35]Joseph, D., 1980: Navy 10' global elevation values. National Center for Atmospheric Research notes on the FNWC terrain data set, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 3 pp.

[36]Semtner, A.J., 1976: A model for the thermodynamic growth of sea ice in numerical investigations of climate. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 6, 379-389.

[37]Wilson, M.F., and A. Henderson-Sellers, 1985: A global archive of land cover and soils data sets for use in general circulation models Int. J. Climatology, 5, 119-143.

[38]Buckley, E., and D.A. Warrilow, 1988: Derivation of land surface parameter datasets for use in the Met O 20 GCM. Met. O 20 Internal Note No. 81, United Kingdom Meteorological Office, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 2SZ, UK.

[39]Charnock, H., 1955: Wind stress on a water surface. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 81, 639-640.

[40]Hansen, J., G. Russell, D. Rind, P. Stone, A. Lacis, S. Lebedeff, R. Reudy, and L. Travis, 1983: Efficient three-dimensional global models for climate studies: Models I and II. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 609-662.

[41]Warrilow, D.A., R.N.B. Smith, and F.E. Hewer, 1990: Snow processes in the 5th annual cycle integration. Met. Office Internal Note No. 93. United Kingdom Meteorological Office, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 2SZ, UK.

[42]Louis, J.-F., 1979: A parametric model of vertical eddy fluxes in the atmosphere. Bound. Layer Meteor., 17, 187-202.

[43]Warrilow, D.A., A.B. Sangster, and A. Slingo, 1986: Modelling of land surface processes and their influence on European climate. DCTN 38, Dynamical Climatology Branch, United Kingdom Meteorological Office, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 2SZ, UK.

[44]Shuttleworth, W.J., 1988: Macrohydrology: The new challenge for process hydrology. J. Hydrol., 100, 31-56.

[45]Eagleson, P.S., 1978: Climate, soil and vegetation. Water Resources Res., 14, 705-776.

[46]Monteith, J.L., 1965: Evaporation and environment. Symp. Soc. Exptl. Biol., 19, 205-234.

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