ECMWF footnotes

European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF): References


[1]ECMWF Research Department, 1988: ECMWF forecast model, adiabatic part (2nd edition). European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, England.

[2]ECMWF Research Department, 1991: ECMWF forecast model, physical parameterisation (3rd edition). European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, England.

[3]ECMWF Technical Attachment, 1993: The description of the ECMWF/WCRP Level III-A global atmospheric data archive. European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, England.

[4]Simmons, A.J., and D.M. Burridge, 1981: An energy and angular-momentum conserving vertical finite difference scheme and hybrid vertical coordinates. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 758-766.

[5]Simmons, A.J., and R. Strüfing, 1981: An energy and angular-momentum conserving finite difference scheme, hybrid coordinates and medium-range weather prediction. ECMWF Tech. Report No. 28, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, England, 68 pp.

[6]Hoskins, B.J., and A.J. Simmons, 1975: A multi-layer spectral model and the semi-implicit method. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 101, 637-655.

[7]Asselin, R., 1972: Frequency filter for time integrations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 100, 487-490.

[8]Palmer, T.N., G.J. Shutts, R. Swinbank, 1986: Alleviation of a systematic westerly bias in general circulation and numerical weather prediction models through an orographic gravity wave drag parameterization. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 112, 1001-1031.

[9]Miller, M.J., T.N. Palmer, and R. Swinbank, 1989: Parameterization and influence of subgridscale orography in general circulation and numerical weather prediction models. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 40, 84-109.

[10]Joseph, D., 1980: Navy 10' global elevation values. National Center for Atmospheric Research notes on the FNWC terrain data set, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 3 pp.

[11]London, J., R.D. Bojkov, S. Oltmans and J.I. Kelley, 1976: Atlas of the global distribution of total ozone, July 1957-June 1967. NCAR Tech. Note 113+STR, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO.

[12]Wilcox, R.W., and A.D. Belmont, 1977: Ozone concentration by latitude, altitude, and month near 80 degrees West. Report No. FAA-AEQ-77-13, FAA Office of Environmental Quality, High Altitude Pollution Program, U.S. Department of Transportation,Washington, D.C., 41 pp.

[13] WMO-ICSU, 1984: Optical properties for the standard aerosols of the Radiation Commission. Report WCP-55, World Climate Program, World Meteorological Organization and International Council of Scientific Unions, Geneva.

[14] Morcrette, J.-J., 1989: Description of the radiation scheme in the ECMWF model. ECMWF Tech. Memo. No. 165, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, England, 26 pp.

[15]Morcrette, J.-J., 1990: Impact of changes to the radiation transfer parameterizations plus cloud optical properties in the ECMWF model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 847-873.

[16]Morcrette, J.-J., 1991: Radiation and cloud radiative properties in the ECMWF operational weather forecast model. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 9121-9132.

[17]Rothman, L.S., R.R. Gamache, A. Barbe, A. Goldman, J.R. Gillis, L.R. Brown, R.A. Toth, J.-M. Flaud, and C. Camy-Peyret, 1983: AFGL atmospheric absorption line parameters compilation: 1982 edition. Appl. Opt., 22, 2247-2256.

[18]Morcrette, J.-J., L. Smith, and Y. Fouquart, 1986: Pressure and temperature dependence of the absorption in longwave radiation parameterizations. Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 59, 455-469.

[19]Stephens, G.L., 1978: Radiation profiles in extended water clouds. II: Parameterization schemes. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 2123-2132.

[20]Tiedtke, M., 1989: A comprehensive mass flux scheme for cumulus parameterization in large-scale models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1779-1800.

[21]Tiedtke, M., W.A. Heckley, and J. Slingo, 1988: Tropical forecasting at ECMWF: On the influence of physical parameterization on the mean structure of forecasts and analyses. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 114, 639-664.

[22]Schneider, E.K., and R.S. Lindzen, 1976: A discussion of the parameterization of momentum exchange of cumulus convection. J. Geophys. Res., 81, 3158-3160.

[23]Slingo, J.M., 1987: The development and verification of a cloud prediction model for the ECMWF model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 113, 899-927.

[24]Kessler, E., 1969: On the distribution and continuity of water substance in atmospheric circulation. Meteorological Monographs, 10, American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA.

[25]Wallace, J., S. Tibaldi, and A. J. Simmons, 1983: Reduction of systematic forecast errors in the ECMWF model through the introduction of an envelope orography. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 109, 683-717.

[26]Brankovic, C., and J. Van Maanen, 1985: The ECMWF climate system. ECMWF Tech. Memo. No. 109, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, England, 51 pp.

[27]Matthews, E., 1983: Global vegetation and land use: New high-resolution data bases for climate studies. J. Clim. Appl. Meteor., 22, 474-487.

[28]Wilson, M.F. and A. Henderson-Sellers (1985): A global archive of land cover and soils data sets for use in general circulation models. Int. J. Climatology, 5, 119-143.

[29] Charnock, H., 1955: Wind stress on a water surface. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 81, 639-640.

[30]Tibaldi, S., and J.-F. Geleyn, 1981: The production of a new orography, land-sea mask and associated climatological surface fields for operational purposes. ECMWF Tech. Memo. No. 40, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, England, 93 pp.

[31]Baumgartner, A., H. Mayer and W. Metz, 1977: Weltweite Verteilung des Rauhigkeitsparameters z0 mit Anwendung auf die Energiedissipation an der Erdoberfläsche. Meteorolog. Rdsch., 30, 43-48.

[32]Preuss, J.H., and J.-F. Geleyn, 1980: Surface albedos derived from satellite data and their impact on forecast models. Arch. Met. Geoph. Bioclim., Series A, 29, 345-356.

[33]Geleyn, J.-F., and H.J. Preuss, 1983: A new data set of satellite-derived surface albedo values for operational use at ECMWF. Arch. Meteor. Geophys. Bioclim., Series A, 32, 353-359.

[34]Louis, J.-F., 1979: A parametric model of vertical eddy fluxes in the atmosphere. Bound. Layer Meteor., 17, 187-202.

[35]Louis, J.-F., M. Tiedtke, J.-F. Geleyn, 1981: A short history of the PBL parameterisation at ECMWF. Proceedings of the ECMWF Workshop on Planetary Boundary Layer Parameterisation, November 1981, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, England, pp. 59-80.

[36]Miller, M.J., A.C.M. Beljaars and T.N. Palmer, 1992: The sensitivity of the ECMWF model to the parameterization of evaporation from the tropical oceans. J. Climate, 5, 418-434.

[37]Budyko, M.I., 1974: Climate and Life. Academic Press, New York, 525 pp.

[38]Sellers, P.J., Y. Mintz, Y.C. Sud, and A. Dalcher, 1986: A simple biosphere model (SiB) for use within general circulation models. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 505-531.

[39]Blondin, C., and H. Böttger, 1987: The surface and subsurface parameterization scheme in the ECMWF forecasting system: Revision and operational assessment of weather elements. ECMWF Tech. Memo. No. 135, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, England.

[40]Mintz, Y., and Y. Serafini, 1981: Global fields of soil moisture and land-surface evapotranspiration. NASA Tech. Memo. 83907, Research Review--1980/81, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 178-180.

[41]Blondin, C., 1989: Research on land surface parameterization schemes at ECMWF. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Parameterization of Fluxes over Land Surface, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, England.

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