CMIP References



 
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

 

A

Abe-Ouchi, Yamanaka, and Kimoto, 1996: Outline of CCSR-98 coupled atmosphere and ocean model and experiment. Internal report, Centre for Climate Systems Research, University of Tokyo, Japan.

Abramopoulos, F., C. Rosenzweig, and B. Choudhury, 1988: Improved ground hydrology calculations for global climate models (GCMs): Soil water movement and evapotranspiration. J. Climate, 1, 921-941. (Abstract)

Alexander, R.C., and R.L. Mobley 1976: Monthly average sea-surface temperatures and ice-pack limits on a 1 degrees global grid. Mon. Wea. Rev., 104, 143-148.
 

B

Bader, D. (ed.), K. Achutarao, C. Covey, M. Fiorino, P. Gleckler, T. Phillips, K. Sperber, and K. Taylor, 2004: An Appraisal of Coupled Climate Model Simulations.  Accessible online at http://esg.llnl.gov/appraisals/ .

Balaji, V.(for the FMS Development Team), 2002: The FMS Manual: A Developer's Guide to the GFDL Flexible Modeling System, NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory. Accessible online at http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/~vb/FMSManual/ .

Barthelet, P., S. Bony, P. Braconnot, A. Braun, D. Cariolle, E. Cohen-Solal, J.-L. Dufresne, P. Delecluse, M. Deque, L. Fairhead, M.-A. Filiberti, M. Forichon, J.-Y. Grandpeix, E. Guilyardi, M.-N. Houssais, M. Imbard, H. LeTreut, C. Levy, Z.X. Li, G. Madec, P. Marquet, O. Marti, S. Planton, L. Terray, O. Thual, and S. Valcke, 1998a: Simulations couplees globales de changements climatiques associes a une augmentation de la teneur atmospherique en CO2. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Sciences de la terre et des planetes, 326, 677-684 (in French with English summary).

Barthelet, P., L. Terray, and S. Valcke, 1998b: Transient CO2 experiment using the ARPEGE/OPAICE non flux corrected coupled model. Geophys. Res. Let., 25, 2277-2280.

Bauer, H., E. Heise, J. Pfaendtner, and V. Renner, 1985: Development of an economical soil model for climate simulation. In Current Issues in Climate Research (Proceedings of the EC Climatology Programme Symposium, held 2-5 Oct. 1984, in Sophia Antipolis, France), A. Ghazi and R. Fantechi (eds.), D. Reidel, Dordrecht, 219-226.

Bentsen M. and Drange H., 2000: Parameterizing surface fluxes in ocean models using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data.RegClim, Regional Climate Development Under Global Warming, General Technical Report 4,  149-157.  Available from Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway  (website http://www.nilu.no/regclim/).

Bettge, T.W., J.W. Weatherly, W.M. Washington, D. Pollard, B.P Briegleb, and W.G. Strand, 1996: The NCAR CSM Sea Ice Model.  NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-425+STR, 25 pp.

Betts, A.K., 1986: A new convective adjustment scheme. Part I: Observational and theoretical basis. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.,  , 677-691.

Bishop, J.K.B., and W.B. Rossow, 1991: Spatial and temporal variability of global surface solar irradiance. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 16,839-16,858.

Blanke, B., and P. Delecluse, 1993: Low frequency variability of the tropical Atlantic ocean simulated by a general circulation model with mixed layer physics. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 1363-1388.

Bleck, R., C. Rooth, D. Hu, and L.T. Smith, 1992: Salinity-driven thermocline transients in a wind- and thermohaline-forced isopycnic coordinate model of the North Atlantic. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22, 1486-1505.

Boer, G.J., N.A. McFarlane, R. Laprise, J.D. Henderson, and J.-P Blanchet, 1984a: The Canadian Climate Centre spectral atmospheric general circulation model. Atmos.-Ocean, 22, 397-429.

Boer, G.J., N.A. McFarlane, and M. Lazare, 1992: Greenhouse gas-induced climate change simulated with the CCC second-generation general circulation model. J. Climate, 5, 1045-1077.

Boer, G.J., G. Flato, and D. Ramsden, 2000: A transient climate change simulation with greenhouse gas and aerosol forcing: projected climate to the twenty-first century. Climate Dyn., 16, 427-450.

Bonan, G.B., 1996: A Land Surface Model (LSM Version 1.0) for Ecological, Hydrological, and Atmospheric Studies: Technical Description and User's Guide. NCAR Technical Note NCAR/Tn-417+STR, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, 150 pp.

Bonan, G.B., 1998: The land surface climatology of the NCAR land surface model (LSM 1.0) coupled to the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM3). J. Climate, 11, 1307-1326.

Bonan, G.B., K.W. Oleson, M. Vertenstein, and S. Levis, 2002: the land surface climatology of the Community Land Model coupled to the NCAR Community Climate Model.  J. Climate, 15, 3123-3149.

Bossuet C., M. Déqué, D. Cariolle, 1998: Impact of a simple parameterization of convective gravity-wave drag in a stratosphere-troposphere general circulation  model and its sensitivity to vertical resolution.  Ann. Geophysicae, 16, 238-249.

Bougeault, P., 1985: A simple parameterization of the large-scale effects of cumulus convection. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 2108-2121.

Boville, B.A., and P.R. Gent, 1998: The NCAR Climate System Model, Version One.  J.Climate, 11, 1115-1130.

Braconnot, P., O. Marti, and S. Joussaume, 1997: Adjustment and feedbacks in a global coupled ocean-atmosphere model. Climate Dyn., 13, 507-519.

Branstetter, M.L., and D.J. Erickson III, 2003: Continental runoff dynamics in the Community Climate System Model (CCSM2) control simulation. J. Geophys. Res. (in press).

Briegleb, B.P., C.M. Bitz, E.C. Hunke, W.H. Lipscomb, and J.L. Schramm, 2002: Description of the Community Climate System Model Version 2 Sea Ice Model.  Accessible online at http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/csm/models/ccsm2.0/csim/SciGuide/ice_scidoc.pdf .

Bryan, K., 1969: Climate and the ocean circulation. Part III: The ocean model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 97, 806-827.

Bryan, K., 1984: Accelerating the convergence to equilibrium of ocean-climate models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 666-673.

Bryan, K., S. Manabe, and R.C. Pacanowski, 1975: A global ocean-atmosphere climate model. Part II: The ocean circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 5, 30-46.

Bryan, K., and L.J. Lewis, 1979: A water mass model of the world ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 84(C5), 2503-2517.

Buja, L., and T. Craig, 2002: CCSM2.0.1 User's Guide. Accessible online at http://www.ccsm.ucar.edu/models/ccsm2.0.1/ccsm.
 

C

Cariolle, D., and M. Déqué, 1986: Southern hemisphere medium-scale waves and total ozone disturbances in a spectral general circulation model.  J. Geophys. Res., 91, 10825-10846.

Cattle, H., and J. Crossley, 1995:  Modelling Arctic climate change.  Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London A352, 201-213.

Clark, T.L., and W.R. Peltier, 1984: Critical level reflection and the resonant growth of nonlinear mountain waves.  J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1715-1730.

Collins, W.D., J.J. Hack, B.A. Boville, P.J. Rasch, D.L. Williamson, J.T. Kiehl, B. Briegleb, and J.R. McCaa, 2003: Description of the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM2).  Available online at http://www.ccsm.ucar.edu/models/atm-cam/index.html .

Colman, R.A., 2001: On the vertical extent of atmospheric feedbacks. Climate Dyn., 17, 391-405.

Colman, R.A., McAvaney, B.J., Fraser, J.R., and R.R., Dahni, 1992: Mixed layer ocean and thermodynamic sea ice models in the BMRC GCM.  BMRC Res. Rep. No. 30.

Colman, R.A., and B.J. McAvaney, 1995: Sensitivity of the climate response of an atmospheric general circulation model to changes in convective parameterization and horizontal resolution. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 3155-3172.

Courtier, P., and J.-F. Geleyn, 1988: A global numerical weather prediction model with variable resolution: Application to the shallow-water equations.  Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 114, 1321-1346.

Cox, M.D., 1984: A primitive equation, three-dimensional model of the ocean. GFDL Ocean Group Technical Report No. 1, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey, 141 pp.

Cox, M.D., 1987: Isopycnal diffusion in a z-coordinate ocean model. Ocean Modelling, 74, 1-15.

Cox, P.M., R.A. Betts, C.B. Bunton, R.L.H. Essery, P.R. Rowntree, and J. Smith, 1999: The impact of new land surface physics on the GCM simulation of climate and climate sensitivity.  Climate Dyn., 15, 183-203.

Charnock, H., 1955: Wind stress on a water surface. Quart. J. Royal Meteor. Soc., 81, 639.

Cubasch, U., K. Hasselmann, H. Höck,E. Maier-Reimer, U. Mikolajewicz, B.D. Santer, and R. Sausen, 1992: Time-dependent greenhouse warming computations with a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. Climate Dyn., 8, 55-69.

Cubasch, U., R. Voss, G.C. Hegerl, J. Waszkewitz, and T.J. Crowley, 1997: Simulation of the influence of solar radiation variations on the global climate with an ocean-atmosphere general circulation model. Climate Dyn., 13, 757-767.

Cullen, M.J.P., 1993: The Unified Forecast/Climate Model. Meteor. Mag., 122, 81-94.
 

D

Dandin, P., and J.J. Morcrette,1996: The ECMWF FMR scheme in the Meteo-France climate model Arpege-Climat.  Note de travail du Groupe de Meteorologie de Grande Echelle et Climat (GMGEC), No 50.( Available from: CNRM, 42 Av G Coriolis, F-31057 Toulouse Cedex, France).

Deardorff, J.W., 1977: A parameterization of ground-surface moisture content for use in atmospheric prediction models. J. Appl. Meteor., 16, 1182-1185.

Deardorff, J.W., 1978: Efficient prediction of ground surface temperature and moisture, with inclusion of a layer of vegetation.  J. Geophys. Res., 83, 1889-1903.

Delecluse, P., G. Madec, M. Imbard, and C. Levy, 1993: OPA version 7 ocean general circulation model reference manual. LODYC Internal Report 93/05, Laboratoire d'Oceanographie Dynamique et de Climatologie, Universite Paris VI, Paris, France.

Delworth, T.L., and T.R. Knutson, 2000: Simulation of early 20th century global warming. Science, 287 (5461), 2246-2250.

Delworth, T.L., R.S. Stouffer, K.W. Dixon, M.J. Spelman, T.R. Knutson, A.J. Broccoli, P.J. Kushner, and R.T. Wetherald, 2002: Simulation of climate variability and change by the GFDL R30 coupled model. Climate Dyn., 19, 555-574.

Deque, M (ed.), 1996: ARPEGE-Climat Version 2 (4 volumes). [Available on request from M. Deque, CNRM, 42 Avenue Coriolis, Cedex 1, 31057 Toulouse, France.]

Deque, M, 1999: Eulerian versus semi-Lagrangian in climate simulation:  Verdict of nudging technique.  Reseach Activities in Atmospheric and Oceaninc Modelling, Vol 28, WMO/TD 94278, 7.21-7.22.  (see also http://web.dmi.dk/pub/POTENTIALS/)

Deque, M., C. Dreveton, A. Braun, and D. Cariolle, 1994: The ARPEGE/IFS atmosphere model: A contribution to the French community climate modeling. Climate Dyn., 10, 249-266.

Deque, M., and J.P. Piedelievre, 1995: High resolution climate simulation over Europe. Climate Dyn., 11, 321-339.

Dewitt, D.G., and E.K. Schneider, 1999: The processes determining the annual cycle of equatorial sea surface temperature: A coupled general circulation model perspective.  Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 381-395.

Diansky, N.A., and E.M. Volodin, 2002: Reproducing the present-day climate using a coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model. Izvestia, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Vol. 38, No. 6 (in press).

Diansky, N.A., A.V. Bagno, and V.B. Zalesny, 2002: Global ocean circulation sigma-model and its sensitivity to the wind stress forcing. Izvestia, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Vol. 38, No. 4 (in press).

Dixon, K.W., T.L. Delworth, T.R. Knutson, M.J. Spelman, and R.J. Stouffer, 2003: A comparison of climate change simulations produced by two GFDL coupled climate models. Global and Planetary Change, 37, 81-102.

DKRZ, 1992: The ECHAM3 atmospheric general circulation model. DKRZ Technical Report No. 6, ISSN 0940-9237, Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum, Hamburg, Germany, 184 pp.

Dorman, J.L., and P.J. Sellers, 1989: A global climatology of albedo, roughness length and stomatal resistance for atmospheric general circulation models as represented by the Simple Biosphere Model (SiB). J. Appl. Meteor., 28, 833-855.

Douville, H., J.-F. Royer, and J.-F. Mahfouf, 1995: A new snow parameterization for the Meteo-France climate model.  Climate Dyn., 12, 21-35.

Drange, H. and K. Simondsen, 1996: Formulation of air-sea fluxes in the ESOP2 version of MICOM. Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center (NERSC)  Report 125.  Available from Edv. Griegsv. 3A, N-5037 Solheimsviken, Norway.

Ducoudre, N., K. Laval, A. Perrier, 1993: SECHIBA, a new set of parameterizations of the hydrologic exchanges at the land/atmosphere interface within the LMD atmospheric general circulation model. J. Climate, 6, 248-273.

Dukowicz, J.K., and R.D. Smith, 1994: Implicit free-surface method for the Bryan-Cox-Semtner Ocean Model. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 7991-8014.

Dümenil, L., and E. Todini, 1992: A rainfall-runoff scheme for use in the Hamburg climate model. In Advances in Theoretical Hydrology: A Tribute to James Dooge, J.P. O'Kane (ed.), European Geophysical Society Series on Hydrological Sciences, Vol. 1, Elsevier Press, Amsterdam, 129-157.

E

Eagleson, P.S., 1978: Climate, soil and vegetation. Water Resources Res., 14, 705-776.

Emori, S., T. Nozawa, A. Abe-Ouchi, A. Numaguti, M. Kimoto, and T. Nakajima, 1999: Coupled ocean-atmosphere model experiments of future climate change with an explicit representation of sulfate aerosol scattering. J. Met. Soc. Japan, 77, 1299-1307.

England, M.H., 1993: Representing the global-scale water masses in ocean circulation models.  J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 1523-1552.

Esbensen, S.K., and V. Kushnir, 1981: The heat budget of the global ocean: An atlas based on estimates from marine surface observations. Climatic Research Institute, Report No. 29, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.
 

F

Fichefet, Th., 1997: European Coupled Climate Models.  Accessible online at http://www.knmi.nl/euroclivar/models.html .

Fichefet, Th. and Ph. Gaspar, 1988:  A model study of upper ocean sea ice interactions.  J. Phys. Oceanogr., 18, 181-195.

Flato, G.M., and W.D. Hibler 1990: On a simple sea-ice dynamics model for climate studies. Ann. Glaciol., 14, 72-77.

Flato, G.M., and G.J. Boer, 2001: Warming asymmetry in climate change simulations. Geophys. Res. Letters, 28, 195-198.

Flato, G.M., G.J. Boer, W.G. Lee, N.A. McFarlane, D. Ramsden, M.C. Reader, and A.J. Weaver, 2000: The Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis global coupled model and its climate. Climate Dyn., 16, 451-467.

FNOC, 1986: Fleet Numerical Oceanographic Center's Numerical Environmental Products Manual, Vols. I and II. Fleet Numerical Oceanographic Center, Monterey, CA, 214 pp.

Fouquart, Y., and B. Bonnel, 1980: Computations of solar heating of the earth's atmosphere:  A new parameterization.  Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 53, 35-62.

Furevik, T., B.M. Bentsen, H. Drange, J.A. Johannessen, and A. Korablev, 2002: Temporal and spatial variability of the sea surface salinity in the Nordic Seas. J. Geophys Res (in press).

Furevik, T., B.M. Bentsen, H. Drange, I.K.T. Kindem, N.G. Kvamstø, and A. Sorteberg, 2003:  Description and validation of the Bergen Climate Model: ARPEGE coupled with MICOM.  Climate Dyn., 21, 27-51.
 

G

Gargett, A.E., 1984: Vertical eddy diffusivity in the ocean interior. J. Mar. Res., 42, 359-393.

Geleyn, J.-F., 1987: Use of a modified Richardson number for parameterizing the effect of shallow convection.  Short- and Medium-Range Numerical Weather Prediction (Special Volume of J. Meteor. Soc. Japan), T. Matsuno (ed.), 141-149.

Geleyn, J.-F., and H.J. Preuss, 1983: A new data set of satellite-derived surface albedo values for operational use at ECMWF.  Arch. Meteor. Geophys. Bioclim. (Series A), 32, 353-359.

Gent, P.R., and J.C. McWilliams, 1990: Isopycnal mixing in ocean circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 150-155.

Gent, P.R., J. Willebrand, T.J. McDougall and J.C. McWilliams, 1995: Parameterizing eddy-induced tracer transports in ocean circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 463-474.

Gent, P.R., F.O. Bruan, G. Danabasoglu, S.C. Doney, W.R. Holland, W.G. Large, and J.C. McWilliams, 1998: The NCAR Climate System Model global ocean component. J.Climate, 11,  1287-1306. 

Gordon, H.B., and S.P. O'Farrell, 1997: Transient climate change in the CSIRO coupled model with dynamic sea ice. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 875-907.

Gordon, C., C. Cooper, C.A. Senior, H.T. Banks, J.M. Gregory, T.C. Johns, J.F.B. Mitchell, and R.A. Wood, 2000: The simulation of SST, sea ice extents and ocean heat transports in a version of the Hadley Centre copled model without flux adjustments. Climate Dyn., 16, 147-168.

Gordon, C.T., and W.F. Stern, 1982: A description of the GFDL global spectral model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 625-644.

Gregory, D., and R.N.B. Smith, 1990: Canopy, surface, and soil hydrology. Unified Model Documentation Paper No. 25, United Kingdom Meteorological Office, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 2SZ, UK.

Griffies, S.M., M.J. Harrison, R.C. Pacanowski, and A. Rosati, 2003: A Technical Guide to MOM4 (Version prepared on 28 April 2003), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory. Accessible online at http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/~smg/pointers/geo_physics_abstracts/guide.pdf.

Groetzner, A., R. Sausen, and M. Clausen 1996: The impact of sub-grid scale sea-ice imhomogenities on the perfomance of the atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM3,.Climate Dynamics, 12, 477-496.

Guilyardi, E., and G. Madec, 1997: Performance of the OPA/ARPEGE-T21 global ocean-atmosphere coupled model. Climate Dyn., 13, 149-165.
 

H


Hack, J. J., and A.A.M. Holtslag, 1998: Climate simulation sensitivity to a revised non-local boundary layer parameterization. In preparation.

Hack, J.J., J.T. Kiehl, and J. Hurrell, 1998: The hydrologic and thermodynamic structure of the NCAR CCM3. J. Climate, 11,  1179-1206.

Haney, R.L., 1971: Surface thermal boundary condition for ocean circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 1, 241-248.

Hansen, J., G. Russell, D. Rind, P. Stone, A. Lacis, S. Lebedeff, R. Reudy, and L. Travis, 1983: Efficient three-dimensional global models for climate studies: Models I and II. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 609-662.

Hansen, J.; I. Fung, A. Lacis, S. Lebedeff, D. Rind, R. Ruedy, and G. Russell. 1988.  Global climate changes as forecast by the Giss 3-D model. J.Geophys.Res.92: 14739-14760.

Harder M., 1996: Dynamik, Rauhigkeit und Alter des Meereises in der Arktis.  Available at Alfred-Wegner-Institut fur Polar- ind Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany

Hart, T.L., W. Bourke, B.J. McAvaney, and B.W. Forgan, 1990: Atmospheric general circulation simulations with the BMRC global spectral model: The impact of revised physical parameterizations. J. Climate, 3, 436-459.

Harzallah, A., and R. Sadourny, 1995: Internal versus SST forced atmospheric variability as simulated by an atmospheric general circulation model. J. Climate, 8, 474-498.

Hellerman, S., and M. Rosenstein, 1983: Normal monthly wind stress over the world ocean with error estimates. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 1093-1104.

Hewitt, C.D., and J.F.B. Mitchell, 1996: GCM simulations of the climate of 6 kyr BP: Mean changes and interdecadal variability. J. Climate, 9, 3505-3529.

Heymsfield, A.J., and L.J. Donner, 1990: A scheme for parameterizing ice-cloud water content in general circulation models. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1865-1877.

Hibler, 1979: A dynamic-thermodynamic sea ice model.  J. Phys. Oceanogr., 9, 817-846.

Hirst A.C., 1999: The Southern Ocean response to global warming in the CSIRO coupled ocean-atmosphere model. Environ. Modeling and Software: Special Issue on Modelling Global Climatic Change, 14, 227-242.

Hirst A.C., H. B. Gordon, and S.P. O'Farrell, 1996: Global warming in a coupled climate model including oceanic eddy-induced advection. Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 3361-3364.

Hirst, A.C., S.P. O'Farrell, And H.B. Gordon, 2000: Comparison of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model with and without oceanic eddy-induced advection. 1. Ocean spin-up and control integrations. J. Climate, 13, 139-163.

Hogan, T.F., T.E. Rosmond, 1991: The description of the Navy operational global atmospheric prediction system's spectral forecast model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 1786-1815.

Hogan, T.F., and L.R. Brody, 1993: Sensitivity studies of the Navy's global forecast model parameterizations and evaluation of improvements to NOGAPS. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 2373-2395.

Hogan, T.F., and T. Li, 1997: Long-term simulations with a coupled global atmosphere-ocean prediction system. NRL Review, 183-185.

Hunke, E.C., and J.K. Dukowicz, 1997:  An elastic-viscous-plastic model for sea ice dynamics. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 1849-1867.

Hunke, E.C., and Y. Zhang, 1999:  A comparison of sea ice dynamics models at high resolution. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 396-408.
 

J

Johns. T.C., 1996: A description of the Second Hadley Centre Coupled Model (HadCM2). Climate Research Technical Note 71, Hadley Centre, United Kingdom Meteorological Office, Bracknell Berkshire RG12 2SY, United Kingdom, 19 pp.

Johns, T.C., R.E. Carnell, J.F. Crossley, J.M. Gregory, J.F.B. Mitchell, C.A. Senior, S.F.B. Tett, and R.A. Wood, 1997: The second Hadley Centre coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM: Model description, spinup and validation. Climate Dyn., 13, 103-134.
 
 

K

Kalnay, E.C., M. Kanamitsu, R. Kistler, W. Collins, D. Deaven, L. Gandin, M. Iredell, S. Saha, G. White, J. Woollen, Y. Zhu, M. Chelliah, W. Ebisuzaki, W. Higgins, J. Janowiak, K.C. Mo, C. Ropelewski, A. Leetmaa, R. Reynolds, and R. Jenne, 1996: The NCEP/NCAR reanalysis project. Bull. Am Meteor. Soc., 77, 437-471.

Katayama, A., 1978: Parameterization of the planetary boundary layer in atmospheric general circulation models. Kisyo Kenkyu Note No. 134, Meteorological Society of Japan, 153-200 (in Japanese).

Kiehl, J., and P. Gent, 2003:  The Community Climate System Model, Version Two.  J. Climate (submitted).

Kiehl, J.T., J.J. Hack, G. Bonan, B.A. Boville, D. Williamson, and P. Rasch, 1998: The National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model: CCM3. J. Climate, 11, 1131-1149. 

Kiehl, J.T., J.J. Hack, and J. Hurrell, 1998: The energy budget of the NCAR Community Climate Model: CCM3. J. Climate, 11, 1151-1178.

Kim, S-J., G.M. Flato, G.J. Boer, and N.A. McFarlane, 2002: A coupled climate model simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum, Part 1: Transient multi-decadal response. Climate Dyn., 19, 515-537.

Kim, S-J., G.M. Flato, and G.J. Boer, 2003: A coupled climate model simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum, Part 2: Approach to equilibrium. Climate Dyn., 20, 635-661.

Kinter III, J.L, J. Shukla, L. Marx, and E.K. Schneider, 1988: A simulation of winter and summer circulations with the NMC global spectral model. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 2486-2522.

Kitoh, A., A. Noda, Y. Nikaidou, T. Ose, and T. Tokioka, 1995: AMIP simulations of the MRI GCM. Pap. Met. Geophys., 45, 121-148.

Kitoh, A., K. Yamazaki, and T. Tokioka, 1988: Influence of soil moisture and surface albedo changes over the African tropical rain forest on summer climate investigated with the MRI GCM-I. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 66, 65-86.

Klein, S.A., P.J. Kushner, and other members of the GFDL Global Atmospheric Model Development Team (GAMDT), 2003: The new GFDL global atmosphere and land model AM2/LM2: Evaluation with prescribed SST simulations. J. Climate (submitted).

Kowalczyk, E.A., J.R. Garratt, and P.B. Krummel, 1991: A soil-canopy sche me for use in a numerical model of the atmosphere--1 D stand-alone model. CSIRO Division of Atmospheric Research Technical Paper No. 23, 56 pp.

Kowalczyk, E.A., J.R. Garratt, and P.B. Krummel, 1994: Implementation of a soil-canopy scheme into the CSIRO GCM-Regional aspects of the model response. CSIRO Division of Atmospheric Research Technical Paper No. 32, 59 pp.

Kuo, H.L., 1974: Further studies of the parameterization of the influence of cumulus convection on large-scale flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1232-1240.
 

L


Large, W.G., J.C. McWilliams, and S.C. Doney, 1994: Oceanic vertical mixing: A review and a model with a nonlocal boundary layer parameterization. Rev. of Geophys., 32, 363-403.

Larson, J.C., and B.R. Barkstrom, 1977: Effects of realistic angular reflection laws for Earth's surface upon calculations of the earth-atmosphere albedo. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Radiation in the Atmosphere, Science Press, 451-453.

Laurent, C., H. LeTreut, Z.X. Li, L. Fairhead, and J.L. Dufresne, 1998: The influence of resolution in simulating inter-annual and inter-decadal variability in a coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM with emphasis over the North Atlantic. IPSL Report N8.

Leclainche, Y., P. Braconnot, O. Marti, S. Joussaume, J.L. Dufresne, and M.A. Filiberti, 2000: The role of sea ice thermodynamics in the Northern Hemisphere climate as simulated by a global coupled ocean-atmosphere model. J. Climate (submitted).

Ledley, T.S., 1985: Sea ice: Multiyear cycles and white ice.  J. Geophys. Res., 90, 5676-5686.

Legutke, S. and E. Maier-Reimer, 1999: Climatology of the HOPE-G Global Ocean General Circulation Model. Technical Report, No. 21, German Climate Computer Centre (DKRZ), Hamburg, 90 pp.  Also accessible online at  http://www.mad.zmaw.de/Pingo/reports/ReportNo.21.pdf.

Legutke, S., and R. Voss, 1999:  The Hamburg Atmosphere-Ocean Coupled Circulation Model.  DKRZ Technical Report No. 18, Deutsches KlimaRechenZentrum, Hamburg, Germany, 61 pp.  Also accessible online at http://www.mad.zmaw.de/Pingo/reports/ReportNo.18.pdf.

Le Treut, H., Z.-X. Li, and M. Forichon, 1994: Sensitivity of the LMD general circulation model to greenhouse forcings associated with two different cloud water parameterizations. J. Climate, 7, 1827-1841.

Levitus, S., 1982: Climatological atlas of the world's oceans. NOAA Professional Paper 13, 173 pp.

Levitus S. and R. Burgett and T. P. Boyer, 1994: World Ocean Atlas 1994, Volume 3: Salinity.  NOAA Atlas NESDIS 3, Washington, D.C.

Levitus S. and T. P. Boyer, 1994:  World Ocean Atlas 1994, Volume 4: Temperature.  NOAA Atlas NESDIS 4, Washington, D.C.

Li, T., and T.F. Hogan, 1999: The role of the annual mean climate on seasonal and interannual variability of the tropical Pacific in a coupled GCM. J. Climate, 12,780-792.

Liu, H., X.-Z. Jin, X.-H. Zhang, and G.-X. Wu, 1996: A coupling experiment of an atmosphere and an ocean model with a monthly anomaly exchange scheme. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 13, 133-146.

Liu, H., and G.-X. Wu 1997: Impacts of land surface on July mean climate and onset of the monsoon: A study with an AGCM plus SSiB. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 14, No. 3, 289-308.

Liu, H., X.-H. Zhang, and G.-X. Wu, 1998: Cloud feedback on SST variability in the Western Equatorial Pacific in a CGCM. Adv. Atmos. Sci. (in press).

Lott, F., 1999: Alleviation of stationary biases in a GCM through  a mountain drag parametrization scheme and a  simple representation of mountain lift forces, 1999: Mon.Wea. Rev., 127, 788-801.

Lott, F. and M.J. Miller, 1996: A new subgrid-scale orographic drag parametrization:  Its formulation and testing.  Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 123, 101-127.

Louis, J.F., 1979: A parametric model of vertical eddy fluxes in the atmosphere. Bound. Layer Meteor., 17, 187-202.

Louis, J.-F., M. Tiedtke, J.-F. Geleyn, 1981: A short history of the PBL parameterisation at ECMWF.  Proceedings of the ECMWF Workshop on Planetary Boundary Layer Parameterisation, November 1981, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, England, pp. 59-80.
 

M

Mahfouf, J.-F., A.O. Manzi, J. Noilhan, H. Giordani, and M. Deque, 1995:  The land surface scheme ISBA within the Meteo-France climate model ARPEGE. Part 1: Implementation and preliminary results.  J. Climate, 8, 2039-2057.

Maier-Reimer, E., and U. Mikolajewicz, 1991: The Hamburg large scale geostrophic ocean general circulation model. DKRZ Technical Report 3, Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum, Hamburg, Germany, 34 pp.

Maier-Reimer, E., U. Mikolajewicz, and K. Hasselmann, 1993: Mean circulation of the Hamburg LSG OGCM and its sensitivity to the thermohaline surface forcing. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 731-757.

Maltrud, M.E., R.D. Smith, A.J. Semtner, and R.C. Malone, 1998: Global eddy-resolving ocean simulations driven by 1985-1995 atmospheric winds.  J. Geophys. Res., 103, 30,825-30,853.

Manabe, S., 1969: Climate and ocean circulation. I. The atmospheric circulation and the hydrology of the earth's surface. Mon. Wea. Rev., 97, 739-774.

Manabe, S., and J.L. Holloway, 1975: The seasonal variation of the hydrologic cycle as simulated by a global model of the atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 80, 1617-1649.

Manabe, S., J. Smagorinsky, and R.F. Strickler, 1965: Simulated climatology of a general circulation model with a hydrologic cycle. Mon. Wea. Rev., 93, 769-798.

Manabe, S., and R.J. Stouffer, 1996: Low-frequency variability of surface air temperature in a 1000-year integration of a coupled atmosphere-ocean-land surface model. J. Climate, 9, 376-393.

Manabe, S., R.J. Stouffer, M.J. Spelman, and K. Bryan, 1991: Transient responses of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model to gradual changes of atmospheric CO2. Part I: Annual mean response. J. Climate, 4, 785-818.

Manzi, A.O., and S Planton, 1994: Implementation of the ISBA parameterization scheme for land surface processes in a GCM: An annual cycle experiment. J. Hydrology, 155, 355-389.

Marsland, S.J., M. Latif, and S. Legutke, 2003: Variability of the Antarctic circumpolar wave in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model.  Ocean Dynamics, 53(4), 323-331. 

Matthews, E., 1983: Global vegetation and land use: New high-resolution data bases for climate studies. J. Clim. Appl. Meteor., 22, 474-487. (Abstract)

Matthews, E., 1984: Vegetation, land-use, and seasonal albedo data sets: Documentation of archived data tape. NASA Tech. Memo. 86107, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C., 20 pp.
.
McAvaney, B.J., R.R. Dahni, R.A. Colman, J.R. Fraser, and S.B. Power, 1995: The dependence of the climate sensitivity on convective parameterisation: Statistical evaluation. Glob. Plan. Change, 10, 181-200.

McDougall, T.J., and W.K. Dewar, 1998: Vertical mixing and cabelling in layered models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 1458-1480.

McFarlane, N.A., G.J. Boer, J.-P. Blanchet, and M. Lazare, 1992: The Canadian Climate Centre second-generation general circulation model and its equilibrium climate. J. Climate, 5, 1013-1044.

McGregor, J.L., H.B. Gordon, I.G. Watterson, M.R. Dix, and L.D. Rotstayn, 1993: The CSIRO 9-level atmospheric general circulation model. CSIRO Divsion of Atmospheric Research Technical Paper No. 26, CSIRO, Mordialloc, Australia, 89 pp.

Meehl, G.A., and W.M. Washington, 1995: Cloud albedo feedback and the super greenhouse effect in a global coupled GCM. Climate Dyn., 11, 399-411.

Mellor G.L., 1977: The Gaussian cloud model relation.  J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 356-358.

Mellor, G.L., and P.A. Durbin, 1975: The structure and dynamics of the ocean surface mixed layer. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 5, 718-728.

Mellor, G.L. and L. Kantha, 1989: An ice-ocean coupled model. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 10,937-10,954.

Mellor, G.L., and T. Yamada, 1974: A hierarchy of turbulence closure models for planetary boundary layers. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1791-1806.

Mellor, G.L., and T. Yamada, 1982: Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 20, 851-875.

Mesinger, F., and Z.I. Janjic, 1975:Problems and numerical methods of the incorporation of mountains in atmospheric models. Lectures in Applied Mathematics, 22, 81-120.

Miller, J.R., G.L. Russell, and G. Caliri, 1994: Continental scale river flow in climate models. J. Climate, 7, 914-928.

Miller, R.L., and X. Jiang, 1996: Surface energy fluxes and coupled variability in the Tropics of a coupled General Circulation Model.  J. Climate, 9, 1599-1620.

Milly, P.C.D., 1992: Potential evaporation and soil moisture in general circulation models. J. Climate, 5, 209-226.

Min, S-K., S. Legutke, A. Hense, and W-T. Kwon, 2004: Climatology and internal variability in a 1000-year control simulation with the coupled climate model ECHO-G.  M&D Technical Report No. 2, Modelle & Daten, Hamburg, Germany, 67 pp.   Accessible online at http://mad.zmaw.de/Pingo/reports/TeReport_Web02.pdf. 

Min, S-K., S. Legutke, A. Hense, and W-T. Kwon, 2005a: Internal variability in a 1000-year control simulation with the coupled climate model ECHO-G.  Part I:  near surface temperature, precipitation, and mean sea level pressure.  Tellus (in press).

Min, S-K., S. Legutke, A. Hense, and W-T. Kwon, 2005b: Internal variability in a 1000-year control simulation with the coupled climate model ECHO-G.  Part  II: ENSO and NAO. Tellus (in press).

Monteith, J.L., 1965: Evaporation and environment. Symp. Soc. Exptl. Biol., 19, 205-234.

Moore, A.M., and C. J.C. Reason, 1993: The response of a global ocean general circulation model to climatological surface boundary conditions for temperature and salinity. J. Phys. Oceanog., 23, 300-328.

Morcrette, J.-J., 1991: Radiation and cloud radiative properties in the ECMWF operational weather forecast model. J. Geophys. Res., 96D, 9121-9132.

Miller, R.L., and X. Jiang, 1996: Surface energy fluxes and coupled variability in the Tropics of a coupled general circulation model. J. Climate, 9, 1599-1620.
 

N

NCAR Oceanography Section (NCAR OS), 1996: The NCAR CSM ocean model. NCAR Technical Note NCAR/TN-423+STR, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado.

Noda, A., S. Yukimoto, S. Maeda, T. Uchiyama, K. Shibata, and S. Yamaki, 2001: A new Meteorological Research Institute coupled GCM (MRI-CGCM2)--Transient response to greenhouse gas and aerosol scenarios. CGER's Supercomputing Monograph Report, 7, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan, 63 pp.

Noilhan, J., and S. Planton, 1989: A simple parameterization of land surface processes for meteorological models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 536-549.
 

O


Oberhuber, J.M., 1988: An atlas based on the COADS data set: The budget of heat, buoyancy and turbulent kinetic energy at the surface of the global ocean. Max-Planck-Institut fuer Meteorologie, Report 15, Hamburg, Germany.

Oberhuber, J. M., 1993: The OPYC ocean general circulation model. Technical Report No. 7, Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum, Hamburg, Germany.

Oberhuber, J. M., 1993a: Simulation of the Atlantic circulation with a coupled sea-ice-mixed layer-isopycnical general circulation model. Part I: model description. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 808-829.

Oberhuber, J.M., 1993b: Simulation of the Atlantic circulation with a coupled sea-ice-mixed layer-isopycnical general circulation model. Part II: model experiment. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 830-845.

O'Farrell, S.P., 1998: Investigation of the dynamic sea ice component of a coupled atmosphere sea-ice general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res. (Oceans), 103, 15751-15782.

Oki, T. and Y.C. Sud, 1998: Design of Total Runoff Integrating Pathways (TRIP):  A global river channel network.  Earth Interactions, Vol. 2.
 

P


Pacanowski, R.C., 1995: MOM 2 documentation: Users guide and reference manual, Version 1.0. GFDL Ocean Group Technical Report No. 3, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey.

Pacanowski, R.C., K. Dixon, and A. Rosati, 1993: The GFDL modular ocean model users guide, version 1.0. GFDL Ocean Group Technical Report No. 2, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey.

Pacanowski, R., and S.G.H. Philander, 1981: Parameterization of vertical mixing in numerical models of tropical oceans. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 1443-1451.

Parkinson, C.L., J.C. Comiso, H.J. Zwally, D.J. Cavalieri, P. Gloersen, and W.J. Campbell, 1987: Arctic sea ice, 1973-1976: Satellite passive-microwave observations. NASA SP-489, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 296 pp.

Parkinson, C.L. and W.M. Washington, 1979: A large-scale numerical model of sea ice. J. Geophys. Res., 84, 311-337.

Patterson, K.A., 1990: Global distributions of total and total-available soil water-holding capacities. M.S. thesis, Department of Geography, University of Deleware, Newark, DE, 119 pp.

Pitcher, E.J., R.C. Malone, V. Ramanathan, M.L. Blackmon, K. Puri, and W. Bourke, 1983: January and July simulations with a spectral general circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 580-604.

Polcher, J., 1994: Etude de la sensibilité du climat tropical a la deforestation. Ph.D. dissertation, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.

Pollard, D., and S.L. Thompson, 1994: Sea-ice dynamics and CO2 sensitivity in a global climate model. Atmosphere-Ocean, 32, 449-467.

Pope, V.D., M.L. Gallani, P.R. Rowntree, and R.A. Stratton, 2000: The impact of new physical parametrizations in the Hadley Centre climate model: HadAM3. Climate Dyn., 16, 123-146.

Power, S.B., R.A. Colman, B.J. McAvaney, R.R. Dahni, A.M. Moore, and N.R. Smith, 1993: The BMRC Coupled atmosphere/ocean/sea-ice model. BMRC Research Report No. 37, Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre, Melbourne, Australia, 58 pp.

Power, S.B., F. Tseitkin, R.A. Colman, and A. Sulaiman, 1998: A coupled general circulation model for seasonal prediction and climate change research. BMRC Research Report No. 66, Bureau of Meteorology, Australia.

R

Redi, M.H., 1982: Oceanic isopycnal mixing by coordinate rotation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 1154-1158.

Ricard J.L., and J.F. Royer, 1993: A statistical cloud scheme for use in an AGCM.  Ann. Geophys., 11, 1095-1115.

Roeckner, E., K. Arpe, L. Bengtsson, S. Brinkop, L. Dümenil, M. Esch, E. Kirk, F. Lunkeit, M. Ponater, B. Rockel, R. Sausen, U. Schlese, S. Schubert, and M. Windelband, 1992: Simulation of present-day climate with the ECHAM model: Impact of model physics and resolution. MPI Report No. 93, ISSN 0937-1060, Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany, 171 pp.

Roeckner, E., J.M. Oberhuber, A Bacher, M. Christoph, and I. Kirchner, 1996: ENSO variability and atmospheric response in a global coupled atmosphere-ocean GCM. Climate Dyn., 12, 737-754. 

Roeckner, E., K. Arpe, L. Bengtsson, M. Christoph, M. Claussen, L. Dümenil, M. Esch, M. Giorgetta, U. Schlese, and U. Schulzweida, 1996: The atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM4: Model description and simulation of present-day climate. MPI Report No. 218, Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany, 90 pp.

Rossow,W.B., and R.A. Schiffer, 1991: ISCCP cloud data products. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 72, 2-20.

Russell, G.L., and J.A. Lerner, 1981: A new finite differencing scheme for the tracer transport equation. J. Appl. Meteorol., 20, 1483-1498.

Russell, G.L., J.R. Miller, and D. Rind, 1995: A coupled atmosphere-ocean model for transient climate change studies. Atmos.-Ocean, 33, 683-730.

Russell, G.L., and D. Rind, 1999: Response to CO2 transient increase in the GISS coupled model: Regional coolings in a warming climate. J. Climate, 12, 531-539.

S

Sadler, J.C., M.A. Lander, A.M. Hori, and L.K. Oda, 1987: Tropical marine climatic atlas. Vol. 2: Pacific Ocean. Report UHMET 87-02, Department of Meteorology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, 27 pp.

Sato, N., P.J. Sellers, D.A. Randall, E.K. Schneider, J. Shukla, J.L. Kinter III, Y-T. Hou, and E. Albertazzi, 1989b: Implementing the simple biosphere model in a general circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 2757-2782.

Sausen, R., K. Barthels, and K. Hasselmann, 1988: Coupled ocean-atmosphere models with flux correction. Climate Dyn., 2, 145-163.

Sausen, R., S. Schubert, and L. Dümenil, 1994: A model of the river runoff for use in coupled atmosphere-ocean models. J. Hydrology, 155, 337-352.

Schneider, E.K., and Z. Zhu, 1998: Sensitivity of the simulated annual cycle of sea surface temperature in the Equatorial Pacific to sunlight penetration. J. Climate, 11, 1932-1950.

Schneider, E.K., Z. Zhu, B.S. Giese, B. Huang, B.P. Kirtman, J. Shukla, and J.A. Carton, 1997: Annual cycle and ENSO in a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 680-702.

Schneider, E. K., and Z. Zhu, 1998: Sensitivity of the simulated annual cycle of sea surface temperature in the equatorial Pacific to sunlight penetration. J. Climate, 11, 1932-1950.

Sellers, P.J., Y. Mintz, Y.C. Sud, and A. Dalcher, 1986: A simple biosphere model (SiB) for use within general circulation models. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 505-531.

Semtner, A.J., 1976: A model for the thermodynamic growth of sea ice in numerical investigations of climate.  J. Phys. Oceanogr., 6, 379-389.

Shea, D.J., K.E. Trenberth, and R.W. Reynolds, 1990: A global monthly sea surface temperature climatology. NCAR Technical Note NCAR/TN-345, 167 pp.

Shi, G.-Y., 1981: An accurate calculation and representation of the infrared transmission function of the atmospheric constituents. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Atmospheric Science, Tohoku University of Japan, 191 pp.

Shuttleworth, W.J., 1988: Macrohydrology: The new challenge for process hydrology. J. Hydrol., 100, 31-56.

Smith R.N.B., 1990a: Precipitating layer clouds in a GCM.  Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc, 104, 677-690.

Smith, R.N.B., 1990b: Subsurface, surface, and boundary layer processes. Unified Model Documentation Paper No. 24, United Kingdom Meteorological Office, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 2SZ, UK.

Smith, R., and P. Gent (eds.), 2002: Reference manual for the Parallel Ocean Program (POP): Ocean component of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM2.0).  Accessible online at http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/csm/models/ccsm2.0.1/pop/doc/sci_ref_manual.pdf .

Smith, R.D., S. Kortas, and B. Meltz, 1995: Curvilinear coordinates for global ocean models. Report LA-UR-95-1146, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 38 pp.

Spencer, R.W., 1993: Global oceanic precipitation from the MSU during 1979-91 and comparisons to other climatologies. J. Climate, 6, 13021-1326.

Stendel, M. and E. Roeckner, 1998: Impacts of horizontal resolution on simulated climate statistics in ECHAM4. Reports of the Max-Planck-Institute, Hamburg, No. 253, 57 pp (http://www.mpimet.mpg.de/dynindex.php?s=http://mpi-web.dkrz.de/de/web/science/a_reports.php#).

Sundqvist, H, 1981: Prediction of stratiform clouds: Results of a 5-day forecast with a global model. Tellus, 33, 242-253.

T

Tanré, D., J.F. Geleyn, and J. Slingo, 1983: First results of the introduction of an advanced aerosol-radiation interaction in the ECMWF low-resolution model. Proceedings of the WMO/IAMAP Meeting of Experts on Aerosols and their Climate Effects, a. Deepak and H.E. Gerber (eds.), Hampton, Virginia, 133-177.

Terray, L., and O. Thual, 1995: Oasis: le couplage ocean-atmosphere. La Meteorologie, 10, 50-61.

Tiedtke, M., 1983: The sensitivity of the time-mean large-scale flow to cumulus convection in the ECMWF model. Proceedings of the ECMWF Workshop on Convection in Large-Scale Models, 28 November-1 December 1983, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, England, 297-316.

Tiedtke, M., 1988: Parameterization of cumulus convection in large-scale models. In Physically-Based Modelling and Simulation of Climate and Climatic Change, Part 1. M.E. Schlesinger (ed.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 375-431.

Tiedtke, M., 1989: A comprehensive mass flux scheme for cumulus parameterization in large-scale models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1779-1800.

Tokioka, T., A. Noda, A. Kitoh, Y. Nikaidou, S. Nakagawa, T. Motoi, S. Yukimoto, and K. Takata, 1996: A transient CO2 experiment with the MRI CGCM: Annual mean response. CGER's Supercomputer Monograph Report Vol. 2, CGER-IO22-96, ISSN 1341-4356, Center for Global Environmntal Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Environment Agency of Japan, Ibaraki, Japan, 86 pp.

V

Volodin, E.M., and V.N. Lykossov, 1998: Parameterization of heat and moisture transfer in the soil-vegetation system for use in atmospheric general circulation models: 1. Formulation and simulations based on local observational data. Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 34, 405-416.

von Storch, J-S., 1994: Interdecadal variability in a global coupled model. Tellus, 46A, 419-432.

von Storch, J-S., V.V. Kharin, U. Cubasch, G.C. Hegerl, D. Schriever, H. von Storch, and E. Zorita, 1997: A description of a 1260-year control integration with the coupled ECHAM1/LSG general circulation model. J. Climate, 10, 1525-1543.

Voss, R., R. Sausen, and U. Cubasch, 1998: Periodically synchronously coupled integrations with the atmosphere-ocean general circulation model ECHAM3/LSG. Climate Dyn., 14, 249-266.
 

W

Walsh, J., and C. Johnson, 1979: An analysis of Arctic sea ice fluctuations. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 9, 580-591.

Walter, Y. (ed.), 1957: Encyclopedia Britanica World Atlas. Encyclopedia Britanica, Inc.

Wang, B., 1996: On the radiation transfer models for climate simulation. Ph.D. Thesis, Institute of Atmospheric Physics/Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 92 pp. (in Chinese).

Warrilow, D.A., A.B. Sangster, and A. Slingo, 1986: Modelling of land surface processes and their influence on European climate. DCTN 38, Dynamical Climatology Branch, United Kingdom Meteorological Office, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 2SZ, UK.

Washington, W.M., and G.A., Meehl, 1984: Seasonal cycle experiment on the climate sensitivity due to doubling of CO2 with an atmospheric GCM coupled to a simple mixed-layer ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 89, 9475-9503

Washington, W.M., and G.A. Meehl, 1993: Greenhouse sensitivity experiments with penetrative cumulus convection and tropical cirrus albedo effects. Climate Dyn., 8, 211-223.

Washington, W.M., and G.A. Meehl, 1996: High-latitude climate change in a global coupled ocean-atmosphere-sea ice model with increased atmospheric CO2. J. Geophys. Res., 101(D8), 12,795-12,801.

Washington, W.M., G.A. Meehl, L. VerPlank, and T.W. Bettge, 1994: A world ocean model for greenhouse sensitivity studies: Resolution intercomparison and the role of diagnostic forcing. Climate Dyn., 9, 321-344.

Washington, W.M., J.M. Weatherly, G.A. Meehl, A.J. Semtner, Jr., T.W. Bettge, A.P. Craig, W.G. Strand, J. Arblaster, V.B. Wayland, R. James, and Y. Zhang,  2000: Parallel Climate Model (PCM) control and transient simulations. Climate Dyn., 16, 755-774.

Washington, W. M., and D.L. Williamson, D. L, 1977: A description of the NCAR GCMs.  In GCMs of the Atmosphere, Methods in Computational Physics, 17, J. Chang (ed.), Academic Press, 111-172.

Wolff, J-O., E. Maier-Reimer, and S. Lebutke, 1997: The Hamburg ocean primitive equation model. DKRZ Technical Report No. 13, Deutsches KlimaRechenZentrum, Hamburg, Germany, 100 pp.   Also accessible online at http://www.mad.zmaw.de/Pingo/reports/ReportNo.13.pdf.

Woodruff, S., R.J. Slutz, R.L. Jenne, and P. Steurer, 1987: A comprehensive ocean-atmosphere dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 68, 1239-1250.

Wu, G.-X., L. Hui, Y.-C. Zhao, and W.-P. Li, 1996: A nine-layer atmospheric general circulation model and its performance. Advances in the Atmospheric Sciences, 13, 1-18.

Wu, G.-X., X.-H. Zhang, H. Liu, Y.-Q. Yu, X.-Z. Jin, Y.-F. guo, S.-F. Sun, and W.-P. Li, 1997: Global ocean-atmosphere-land system model of LASG (GOALS/LASG) and its performance in simulation study. Quart. J. Appl. Meteor., 8, Supplement, 15-28 (in Chinese).
 

X

Xue, Y.-K., P.J. Sellers, J.L. Kinter II, and J. Shukla, 1991: A simplified biosphere model for global climate studies. J. Climate, 4, 345-364.
 

Y

Yamanaka et al., 1995: Documentation of CCSR ocean general circulation model. Internal report, Center for Climate System Research, University of Tokyo, Japan (in Japanese).

Yu, Y.-Q., 1997: Design of a sea-air-ice coupling scheme and a study of numerical simulation of interdecadal oscillation of climate. Ph.D. thesis, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 130 pp. (in Chinese).

Yu, Y.-Q., and X.-H. Zhang, 1997: A modified sea-air-sea ice coupling scheme. To appear in Ch inese Bulletin (in Chinese).

Yukimoto, S., A. Noda, A. Kitoh, M. Sugi, Y. Kitamura, M. Hosaka, K. Shibata, S. Maeda, and T. Uchiyama, 2001: The new Meteorological Research Institute global ocean-atmosphere coupled GCM (MRI-CGCM2)--Model climate and variability.  Papers Meteor. and Geophys., 51, 47-88.

Yukimoto, S., and A. Noda, 2003:  Improvements of the Meteorological Research Institute global ocean-atmosphere coupled GCM (MRI-GCM2) and its climate sensitivity. CGER's Supercomputing Activity Report, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan.

Yukimoto, S., A. Noda, H. Yoshimura, T. Uchiyama, and S. Yamaki, 2003:  Documentation on the simulation of the 20th century climate with the MRI-CGCM2.3. Internal technical memo, February 27, 2003, Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0052, Japan, 6 pp.
 

Z

Zeng, Q.-C., 1979: Physical and Mathematical Basis of Numerical Weather Prediction. Science Press, Beijing, 543 pp. (in Chinese).

Zhang, J.L., and W.D. Hibler II, 1997: On an efficient numerical method for modeling sea ice dynamics. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 8691-8702.

Zhang, Y., W. Maslowski, and A.J. Semtner, 1999:  Impacts of mesoscale ocean currents on sea ice in high-resolution Arctic ice and ocean simulations. J. Geophys. Res. (submitted).

Zhang, G.J., and N.A. McFarlane, 1995: Sensitivity of climate simulations to the parameterization of cumulus convection in the Canadian Climate Centre general circulation model. Atmos. Ocean, 33, 407-446.

Zhang, X.-H., N. Bao, R.-C. Yu, and W.-Q. Wang, 1992: Coupling scheme experiments based on an atmospheric and an oceanic GCM. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 16(2), 129-144.

Zhang, X.-H., K.-M. Chen, Z.-Z. Jin, W.-Y. Lin, and Y.-Q. Yu, 1996: Simulation of thermohaline circulation with a twenty-layer oceanic general circulation model. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 55, 65-88.

Zhang, X.-H., G.-Y. Shi, H. Liu, and Y.-Q. Yu (eds.), 2000: IAP Global Atmosphere-Land System Model. Science Press, Beijing, China, 259 pp.

Zobler, L., 1986: A world soil file for global climate modeling, NASA Technical Memorandum 87802, Washington, D.C., 32 pp.

Zorita, E., F. Gonzalez-Rouco, and S. Legutke, 2002: Testing the Mann et al. (1998) approach to paleoclimate reconstructions in the context of a 1000-yr control simulation with the ECHO-G coupled climate model.  J. Climate, 16, 1368-1390.

Zwally, H.J., C. Comiso, C.L. Parkinson, W.J. Campbell, F.D. Carsey, and P. Gloersen, 1983: Antarctic sea ice, 1973-1976: Satellite passive-microwave observations. NASA SP-459, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 206 pp.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 



 
  


 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Return to CMIP Model Documentation Directory

Return to CMIP Home Page
 


Last update 2 December 2004. This page is maintained by  Tom Phillips (phillips14@llnl.gov).
 

LLNL Disclaimers
UCRL-MI-127713